Clinical Psychology for Brain Regions and Reward- myassignmenthelp

Comparison of Capital Flows in Asia

Examination of Capital Flows in Asia 1.1 Background of the Study Capital controls were generally used to forestall the free progression of assets between nations until the late 1970s. A careful unwinding of such controls during the 1980s demonstrated predictable with more noteworthy monetary joining among cutting edge nations and fortified the case for capital market opening all the more for the most part. By the mid 1990s, capital controls seemed, by all accounts, to be done as a genuine arrangement device for generally open economies. The ordinary view about worldwide budgetary reconciliation is that it should empower cash-flow to spill out of high pay nations, with generally high capital work proportions, to low pay nations with lower capital work proportions. On the off chance that interest in poor nations is compelled by the low degree of household sparing, access to outside capital should support their development and it would likewise permit inhabitants of more extravagant nations to get more significant yields on their reserve funds contri buted abroad. Receptiveness to capital streams can uncover a country’s money related division to rivalry, prod upgrades in local corporate administration as remote speculators request similar measures locally that they are utilized to at home, and force discipline on macroeconomic arrangements and the administration all the more by and large. Along these lines, regardless of whether outside capital isn't required for financing, money related transparency, to the two inflows and surges, may make ‘collateral benefits’, for example, residential budgetary division improvement which could upgrade development in all out factor productivity[1]. Capital record progression in monetarily stifled economies frequently prompts a time of quick capital inflows followed by money related emergencies with worldwide budgetary joining and strategy motivation for additional advancement of capital inflows. Concern has additionally been communicated with respect to whether the expenses of expanded powerlessness to budgetary delicacy probably won't exceed the increases from monetary reconciliation. In any case, a large portion of the nations keep on advancing in destroying capital controls to coordinate their budgetary markets with the remainder of the world. 1.2 Justification and Relevance of the Study Monetary development is believed to be an element of speculation and different elements. The customary conviction is that remote capital inflows bring new investible assets and outside trade with which the beneficiary nation can accomplish higher paces of speculation and along these lines development. The job of outside capital in financial development is an issue that has incited consistent discussion. Outside capital increases the complete asset accessibility in a nation, however its effect on venture and monetary development is questionable. On the off chance that reasonably utilized, it could effectsly affect monetary development through higher venture and other beneficial outcomes. In any case, it is likewise conceivable that outside capital venture probably won't yield any net advantage to the host nation. Monetary advancement and globalization have brought about fast versatility of assets between countries as to procure the near preferred position of the individual nation. The 1990s saw various capital record emergencies in developing business sector economies. The emergencies, which were hastened by an unexpected inversion of capital inflows, happened against the foundation of money related market deregulation, capital record advancement, and budgetary part opening. Deregulation and progression have without a doubt realized advantages as more prominent money related asset activation for residential speculation and financial development. Simultaneously, this has made new wellsprings of vulnerabilities to be decided sheets of business banks, partnerships, and the open division. For Countries that are still during the time spent opening the capital record, how best and how quick to continue stays an uncertain issue. There is no assumption that the asset prerequisites of executing a snappy progress are either littler or bigger than those of dealing with a long change process or regulating capital controls. Creating viable administrative system requires some serious energy, however an extensive procedure may make wrong motivating forces and contortions. An enormous detonation approach might be fitting if a delayed change is probably going to make opposition from personal stakes or if various components of the current framework are so reliant upon one another that a piecemeal change is absurd without making noteworthy twists. Universal capital developments can bolster long haul development yet are not without momentary dangers. The drawn out advantages emerge from a productive distribution of sparing and speculation among excess and shortfall nations. In any case, huge capital inflows may challenge the absorptive limit of host nations in the short run by making them powerless against outside stuns, uplifting the dangers of monetary overheating and unexpected inversions in capital inflows, and encouraging the rise of credit and resource value blast and-bust cycles. The inflows extended the accessible assets for subsidizing beneficial ventures and privatization, and for raising fare limit and helped money current record shortages. They added to the advancement of household monetary markets and the proficiency of banking frameworks. Outside cooperation in residential government protections markets added to liquidity of optional markets and more prominent refinement of budgetary administrations, for example, in Hungary and Poland. FDI helps in moving the administrative and mechanical abilities, and fortify residential organizations. For the European Union increase nations, capital inflows are a commonly strengthening factor during the time spent joining into the European Union[2]. The drawn out capital streams, especially of direct venture have been a significant factor in the capital record excess, and the pattern of higher long haul inflows has proposed to be continued. A significant explanation behind this has been the accomplishment of modification programes received in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in the mid 1980, after a time of insecurity. In these three nations, an exaggerated cash was devalued, huge financial deficiencies design was rehashed in the Philippines in the mid 1990s. In every one of the four nations, macroeconomic adjustment was joined by strategies to open the economy to outside exchange and change the budgetary sector[3]. As an outcome of the remote capital flood experienced by various creating nations, since the mid 1990s worldwide financial specialists and arrangement creators have been bantering about whether outside capital streams ought to be the object of explicit strategy. The discussion solidified around two inverse positions. From one perspective, there were the individuals who asserted that capital streams were to a great extent exogenous to the beneficiary nations and, furthermore, very destabilizing. The ramifications of this view was that the monetary specialists should structure and execute approaches to hose the effect of capital streams on household macroeconomic factors. The contrary position withdrew from the supposition that capital streams to a great extent react to household factors, be they long haul i.e., those influencing the country’s chance premium, or identified with transient interest the board. In either case, there is no compelling reason to stress expressly over c apital streams. Arrangement creators focus only on improving local strategies. An early, and compelling, investigation of the capital flood to creating nations attributes it for the most part with the impact of falling worldwide premium rates[4]. There were different factors also, the majority of them exogenous to rising economies. Specifically, the downturn in created nations diminished paces of profit for capital and made speculators search for better yields somewhere else. Moreover, since the Asian monetary emergency, outside capital has withdrawn from most developing economies, paying little heed to the nature of household approaches. Now and again, the abrupt stop[5] has been especially horrible e.g., if there should be an occurrence of Argentina and Chile. In Argentina, the abrupt stop in capital streams made the monetary and money related issues. In Chile, it has had less unfortunate, albeit still very horrible, impacts. In any case, in all cases, the inversion of the 1990s i nflows has been emotional, and it has been joined by a sharp weakening in development execution. Expanding upon Ricardo, the government assistance gains from the worldwide parcel of work are generally recognized. The monetary approach suggestion has been to expel swapping scale instability to encourage exchange and development. The effect of swapping scale unpredictability on exchange among two or a gathering of nations has both a small scale and macroeconomic measurement. From a microeconomic point of view swapping scale unpredictability, for example estimated as everyday or week to week conversion scale vacillations is related with higher exchanges costs since vulnerability is high and supporting outside trade chance is expensive. In a roundabout way, fixed trade rates upgrade worldwide value straightforwardness as customers can think about costs in various nations all the more without any problem. In the event that conversion scale unpredictability is dispensed with, universal ex change improves proficiency, profitability and government assistance. These microeconomic advantages of conversion scale adjustment have been a negative inspiration of the European money related reconciliation process. Low exchange costs assume a significant job for worldwide and intra-local exchange and capital streams. 1.3 Research Questions We have talked about above about the need of universal budgetary incorporation, progression of capital records and potential advantages of capital streams. Numerous nations on the planet opened their capital record to receive the rewards of universal capital streams for their monetary turn of events and development. Various examinations have been done as such far for the investigation of capital streams on various issues. A few investigations are connected with advantages and progression of capital record which are: does capital record advancement lead to development? by Quinn and Toyoda in 2008; why capital acco

Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs

Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 18, 2019 Eugenio Marongiu/Cultura/Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Murray's Types of Needs List of Psychogenic Needs Influences Research View All Back To Top American psychologist Henry Murray (1893-1988) developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs. Murray described needs as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances (1938). Theories of personality based on needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs. While some needs are temporary and changing, other needs are more deeply seated in our nature. According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level but play a major role in our personality. Murrays Types of Needs Murray identified needs as one of two types: Primary Needs:  Primary needs are basic needs that are based upon biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.Secondary Needs:  Secondary needs are generally psychological, such as the need for nurturing, independence, and achievement. While these needs might not be fundamental for basic survival, they are essential for psychological well-being. List of Psychogenic Needs The following is a partial list of 24 needs identified by Murray and his colleagues. According to Murray, all people have these needs, but each individual tends to have a certain level of each need. Each persons unique levels of needs play a role in shaping his or her individual personality. Ambition Needs Ambition needs are related to the need for achievement and recognition. The need for achievement is often expressed by succeeding, achieving goals, and overcoming obstacles. The need for recognition is met by gaining social status and displaying achievements. Sometimes the ambition needs even involve a need for exhibition, or the desire to shock and thrill other people. Materialistic Needs The materialistic needs center on the acquisition, construction, order, and retention. These needs often involve obtaining items, such as buying material objects that we desire. In other instances, these needs compel us to create new things. Obtaining and creating items are an important part of the materialistic needs, but keeping objects and organizing them is also important. Power Needs The power needs tend to center on our own independence as well as our need to control others. Murray believed that autonomy was a powerful need involving the desire for independence and resistance. Other key power needs that he identified include abasement (confessing and apologizing), aggression (attacking or ridiculing others), blame avoidance (following the rules and avoiding blame), deference (obeying and cooperating with others), and dominance (controlling others). Affection Needs The affection needs are centered on our desire to love and be loved. We have a need for affiliation and seek out the company of other people. Nurturance, or taking care of other people, is also important for psychological well-being. The need for succorance involves being helped or protected by others. Murray also suggested that play and having fun with other people was also a critical affection need. While most of the affection needs a center on building relationships and connections, Murray also recognized that rejection could also be a need. Sometimes, turning people away is an important part of maintaining mental wellness. Unhealthy relationships can be a major detriment to an individuals well-being, so sometimes knowing when to walk away can be important. Information Needs The information needs center around both gaining knowledge and sharing it with others. According to Murray, people have an innate need to learn more about the world around them. He referred to cognizance as the need to seek knowledge and ask questions. In addition to gaining knowledge, he also believed that people have a need for what he referred to as exposition, or the desire to share what they have learned with other people. Influences on Psychogenic Needs Each need is important in and of itself, but Murray also believed that needs can be interrelated, can support other needs, and can conflict with other needs. For example, the need for dominance may conflict with the need for affiliation when overly controlling behavior drives away friends, family, and romantic partners. Murray also believed that environmental factors play a role in how these psychogenic needs are displayed in behavior. Murray called these environmental forces presses. Research on Psychogenic Needs Other psychologists have subjected Murrays psychogenic needs to considerable research. For example, research on the need for achievement has revealed that people with a high need for achievement tend to select more challenging tasks. Studies on the need for affiliation have found that people who rate high on affiliation needs tend to have larger social groups, spend more time in social interaction, and more likely to suffer loneliness when faced with little social contact.

Fossil Fuels Research Paper by Timothy Mitchell - 628 Words

In the research paper by Timothy Mitchell we came across a lot of issues regarding the fossil fuels specially oil and it’s by products like Petroleum, How it helped in creating possibility of democracy and also its limits. The author explains how the development of the coal industry and the dependence on the energy extracted from coal, became a reason for democratization of politics. Workers who worked in the coal mines came into a position from where all their demands were heard and also attended just because they could affect the flow of energy. Moreover there were two main reasons why we turned to oil, Firstly Oil was considered as the successor of coal and the governments also wanted to move to oil from coal so as to disable the existing powers of the workers with respect to coal. Secondly, it was organized (physically) in such a fashion so that these interruptions became more difficult. In the next section author discusses the history of the Middle East and its connections with oil. After studying and analysing this section a lot of things began to make a lot of sense. As an example considering the so-called â€Å"oil crisis† of 1973-1974 were portrayed as the Arab plot to profit their own economy actually turned out to be a crisis staged by the United States government and the oil companies, ultimately allowing for the transformation of the political landscape, towards what is now known as Neoliberalism. United States tried to recover from there economic crisis byShow MoreRelatedEssay about Recognizing and Shaping Opportunities19389 Words   |  78 Pagesparts of the new venture formation process simultaneously— for simplicity, we have laid out sequential steps in this reading. As you read, keep in mind the lessons John Connolly and his team learned in launching Mainspring, a strategic consulting and research firm that went public and was subsequently acquired by IBM in 2001: tC Our company was started with an idea that reflected our understanding of what the market needed, new technologies that could meet those needs in ways that could not be done

Immanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy - 1389 Words

Research Paper- Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher whose philosophical influences impacted almost every new philosophical idea, theory, concept etc. In a sense, he was considered the central face of contemporary philosophy. Kant spent his whole life in Russia. Starting out as a tutor, to then a professor, he lectured about everything; from geography to obviously philosophy. In his early life, he was raised to emphasize faith and religious feelings over reason and theological principles. As he got older though, that position changed. It then became that knowledge is necessarily confided and within the bounds of reason. Now with this in mind, Kant claims many different things that derive from this. There are many different parts and aspects to it which is why it relates to almost every philosophical idea out there. Kant referred his epistemology as â€Å"critical philosophy† since all he wanted to do was critique reason and sort our legitimate claims of reasons from illegitimate ones. His epistemology says that we can have an objective, universal, and necessary knowledge of the world, and that science cannot tell us about reality. He claims science cannot tell us anything because it only tells us about the world as it is perceived, whether it’s based on measures, manipulations, experiments and so on. Kant says that we all have knowledge; that the mind and experience work together and that we construct and gain this knowledge by both reason and experience. WhenShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Philosophy844 Words   |  4 Pagesnot know where and what to follow. Therefore, many philosophers came up with ideas to convince people to live  ¨better ¨. Rationalism related with the overview of mathematical approaches into philosophy during the period by the major rationalist figures such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza developed people ´s way of thinking in many different ways. Rationalism is perspective which engages the rational and deductive reason, an opposite structure from personal experience or teachings as the foundationRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant s Philosophy Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant in his work â€Å"An answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?† reflects his understanding of immaturity as the main source for not being enlighten(p.41). It is true that Kant animalized human beings ,â€Å"It is so easy to be immature† is best understood as an attack towards human beings ’ because of our naivetà ©. It is only normal for us to apprehend knowledge from others. Immanuel Kant emphasizes on the lack of self-esteem, caring, and trustworthiness in ourselves. The lack of zeal toRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Moral Philosophy2217 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: What is moral philosophy? Moral philosophy refers to the branch of philosophy concerned with ethics, in other words, What actions are right or wrong in particular circumstances?. Although there are two apparent options to choose from (the ‘right’ one, and the ‘wrong’ one), morals and ethics are more complicated than what we perceive it to be at first glance. For example, who decides which of the two is the more morally ‘correct’ option? What one perceives to be the ‘right’ optionRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Moral And Good And Evil Behavior1413 Words   |  6 Pages Moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy which focuses and investigates the ideas of right and wrong and good and evil behavior. Moral philosophers have researched and justified the logical consequences of moral or ethical beliefs.When we think of morals, we think of rules that tell us which actions are right and which are wrong. But, do human beings have the ability to judge for themselves, based on the facts of a situation, what is right and wrong, what they should do and not do? Well, accordingRead MoreKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in choices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these twoRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Diaz Professor Keedy April 17, 2015 Core Comp. II Discovery Draft Part 2 Third-Breaking down his most important philosophies: I. Present and explain in depth the each of the following: A. How he came up with such ideas. B. Provide example/ apply to life: 1. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: CritiqueRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesStanford Marquis Essay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason andRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1387 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers. Two of these philosophers are John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. Mill, in Utilitarianism defines happiness as pleasure without pain. He builds upon this idea of happiness when establishing his moral philosophy, stating that the action that would bring about the maximum amount of happiness is the most moral action. On the other hand, Kant establishes happiness as well-being and a satisfaction with one’s condition. Kant, however, argues that happiness is too ful ly based upon one’s ownRead MoreLying, By Jeremy Bentham1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe more you do it the more comfortable one may become. Lying becomes a habit to many people, a habit they have a hard time breaking. Lying can simply be defined in one word, deception. Jeremy Bentham who is a British philosopher in the 1700’s and early 1800’s believed in the principle of utility otherwise known as utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham thinks it’s permissible to tell a small lie because in the long run Bentham is looking for the ultimate amount of happiness. Bentham believes in the greatest

Reminiscence and life review are distinctively and central features of late life †Discuss Free Essays

It is often forgotten that the developmental psychologist Charlotts Buhler in Vienna had written already in the 1930’s, of reminiscence as an inevitable part of the ageing process resulting from the individual’s need to substantiate his or her life in the face of loss of ability (1933) The way in which reminiscence has become noteworthy in the study of ageing is a remarkable one. It has altered its implication from negative to positive-from being perceived as a sign of mental deterioration to being valued as a normal if not essential component of successful ageing- all in the time frame of less than 10 years. DEFIN REM Many of the problems arise when researchers continue to generate hypothesis that are left untested, and in turn researchers continue to conduct projects without clear theoretical foundations. We will write a custom essay sample on Reminiscence and life review are distinctively and central features of late life – Discuss or any similar topic only for you Order Now Theoretical conceptions such as ego integrity remain vaguely defined and resistant to contrary experimental findings, worse still is this inability to arrive or at least agree on, an operational definition. [Another problem is the fact that the current framework limits the research entirely†¦i.e rarely work done on life span-longitudinal reminiscing because it has been stated that it is only in old age and universal so cultural differences haven’t been explored] As Haight (1991) noted, labels suggested by various researchers, such as Molinari and Reichlin (1984-1985), Lo Gerfo (1980) and Coleman (1974), are a â€Å"step in the right direction, but none have been adopted as a permanent framework† (1991, p.9) Until such a framework is operational, making generalisations about the nature and functions of the various types of reminiscence will remain difficult. On the contrary Butler states that perhaps life review and reminiscence are not amenable to rigid and precise definitions. UNRUH (89) levels of reminiscing A p. 148 REMINISCNCE According to Webster Haight reminiscence is highly spontaneous with little structure. It can contain the element of evaluation, but it is not an integral part of reminiscing. The presence or absence of evaluation in reminiscence is probably more dependant on individual personality traits than on any thing provided by modality. Reminiscing is rated low on comprehensiveness, since simple reminiscence involves the recall of relatively independent, isolated episodes from our past. There is no necessary logic, sequence, or theme. There is also no systematic exploration of developmental blocks of time, or attempts to place the recalled memory within a broader psychosocial context. LIFE REVIEW Life review differs from simple reminiscence on many of these dimensions. The spontaneity of the life review is lower than of simple reminiscence because more specific triggers are required to elicit it. Many authours suggest that the life review is triggered by external life events, generally however not exclusively of a crisis or transitional nature. Stress or developmental milestones may prompt a reassessment of past accomplishments, values and goals. The life review is also more structured and comprehensive than simple reminiscence. Life review tends to have sequential recounting from childhood experiences to the present or an identification and systematic elaboration of developmental concerns. There is a grater effort to evaluate the recalled memories in order to derive meaning and purpose. This may entail working through painful emotional episodes as well as positive, self-enhancing memories. Evaluation involves renegotiating previous sources of anger, shame, embarrassment, guilt and other assorted negative emotions can be reconstrued in more positive terms. Webster and Young (1988) have suggested that a comprehensive life review entails the recall, evaluation, and synthesis of positive and negative memories. Recall, or simple reminiscence, is therefore only one part of the life review process. E.ERICKSON According to Erickson (1959, 1963, 1982), one of the most important functions of reminiscing is to help the individual achieve ego integrity. This is the cumulative product of having successfully resolved the earlier stages of development. It is’ reaping of the benefits of the life richly spent, not only in the storehouse of memories, but in the function of problems worked through, plans executed, mediation undertaken, suffering survived’ (Ulanov, 1981, p. 113). The attainment of ego integrity is a lifelong process, according to Erickson. It depends on successful management of developmental conflicts, acceptance of one’s life cycle without regrets, and harmonization of different stages of life without fear of death. The hallmark of ego integrity is wisdom. Butlers 1975 view of ego integrity is less ambitious, he believes that people take pride in feeling of having done their best, of having met challenge and difficulty and sometimes from simply having survived terrible odds, and it is this quality of serenity and wisdom which is derived from resolving personal conflicts. Butler suggests that the life review is the primary mechanism whereby ego integrity is achieved. Erickson (1963) believed that mastery is a major source of satisfaction and proposed that the desire to achieve autonomy begins in early childhood. The subsequent developmental tasks to achieve initiative, competence and generativity are all related to the need for mastery. Both Adler (1927/1957, 1958) and Fromm (1947) postulated that people possess an innate drive to overcome helplessness experienced in childhood through mastery over their environment. The task of maintaining a sense of agency and mastery becomes increasingly difficult in later years. Regardless of how we glorify the golden age, sooner or later the harsh realities of ageing descend on all of us. Unless we die prematurely, we all suffer the relentless ageing process. Old age can be a breeding ground for feelings of inferiority because of diminished coping resources and the chronicity of age related problems. We feel helpless when there is no cure to health problems and when our memories are failing us. We are made to feel inferior when we have to ask others to do this we used to do well. These memories may be compounded by memories of childhood situations associations with feelings of inferiority. It has been suggested that the active mastery of middle age changes into more positive mode, or even a magic mode of mastery in old age (neugarten Gutmann, 1958). In their desire for greater mastery, the elderly’s perception of personal control may become highly inflated sometimes their perceived control may be based on wishful thinking and fantasy. P. 33 Forty years have passed since Butler first suggested the important role of reminiscing in later life. His research has retained the attention of researchers from a range of disciplines, however subsequent studies have been at time inconclusive, contradictory and unclear about the nature and function of reminiscing. The majority of researchers have focused their studies exclusively on older individuals, which infers that reminiscence is unique to the later stages of life. Mirriam 1993 notes that the assumptions about the universality of reminiscence amongst older adults may be false or stereotypical, since age may not be the most significant factor in reminiscence behaviour. LIFE REVIEW Definitions of reminiscence are remarkably diverse. Butler described the life review as ‘a naturally occurring, universal mental process characterised by the progressive return to consciousness of past experiences, and particularly the resurgence of unresolved conflicts (1963, p.66) He argued that the life review is conceived as a ‘possible response to the biological fact of death’ What is clear about reminiscing is that it is a selective process in which memories are evoked and reconstructed, probably with varying degrees of intensity and emotional involvement. UNRUH 1989 orders or levels of the past!!! The idea that there may be different levels to the reminiscing process may alleviate the confusion of contradictory findings in studies. How to cite Reminiscence and life review are distinctively and central features of late life – Discuss, Essays

The Death Leading to the Remorse free essay sample

The big issues that appear in â€Å"The Lagoon† are: 1. The death as the trigger of remorse. Death is inescapable. No one in the world can avoid from the death. In this story the Diamelen’s death has trigger of Arsat’s remorse. His remorse of past event leads to the illusion of his life in the present. His regret for leaving his brother to the rajahs men haunts Arsat like the ghosts. He lives in the illusion of his brother.Besides that, he also believes that his failure to save his brother caused Diamelens illness and death. Some proofs can be seen from Arsat’s text. â€Å"Tuan †¦ will she die?. The white man moved his shoulder uneasily and muttered in his hesitating manner. â€Å"If such is her fate†. â€Å"No, Tuan,† said Arsat calmly. â€Å"If such is my fate, I hear, I see, I wait, I remember†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (478) From this Arsat’s text, he claims that he is responsible in Diamelen’s illness, whereas in fact Diamelen’s illness is caused of malaria, a parasitic disease spread by the bite of the anopheles mosquito. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Leading to the Remorse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, and the stagnant lagoon beneath Arsats inhabit is fulfilled with the insects, as can be indicated in this passage: The white man had some supper out of the basket, then collecting a few sticks that lay about the platform, made up a small fire, not for warmth, but for the sake of the smoke, which would keep off the mosquitoes  (478). So, it makes the contrary event for what Arsat’s thought is comparing with the reality of fact.Moreover the passage when Arsat said â€Å"I could not spare the strength to turn my head and look at him, but every moment I heard the hiss of his breath getting louder behind me(481), it gives more depiction clearly that he lives in the illusion of his failure. He has not been able to erase the memory of the day when he left his brother behind but actually in fact his brother was die. Besides that, it also can be seen when he says, â€Å"You have seen me in time of danger seek death as other men seek life!A writing may be lost; a lie may be written; but what the eye has seen is truth and remains in the mind! †(479), but Arsat lives on, as do the ghosts of the past. In addition, Arsat, however blinded by illusion, does not bear witness to these events. Arsat is not blinded by the illusions of love and immortality, but is blinded by the bleakness of the world. â€Å"Now I can see nothing—see nothing! There is no light and no peace in the world; but there is death—death for many† (483). According to Melancholia, she compares normal grief with pathological depression.The former is regarded as a reaction to the lost of an external object of love. She also adds that depression is considered the consequence of underlying conflict, and emphasis is placed on the influence of the past on present object relationship. From the proofs above and correlating to Melancholia’s statement, It clearly describes that the deep reproach of someone can give the biggest influence on their life. Moreover it can change someone thought and behavior contrast from usually ever after in their life in present. 2. The Arsat’s motives for leaving his siblingWhen someone want to pursuit their pleasure it means they want to achieve their happiness, and they will be do everything to pursuit their happiness even they have to sacrifice something. In this story Arsat betray his brother by leaving him. His love with a young woman named Diamelen, the servant of rajah’s wife makes him blind. If there is one who betrays a loved one, especially a loved one who helps his siblings out, he must feel ashamed of his or her actions, but Arsat is not. He is very selfish person even to his self, Diamelen, more his brother. His ID has controlled his life at that time.It can be seen from the passage, â€Å".. And I had no regret at what I was leaving because I could hear her breathing close to me as I can hear her now† (480). Besides that, it also can be seen from the passage, â€Å"Three times he called, but I was not afraid of life. Was she not there in that canoe? And could I not with her find a country where death is forgotten? Where death is unknown! †(482). In order to understand motives of Arsats, the writer applies the literary interpretation with a psychological theory of Sigmund Freuds â€Å"Structural Model of Psyche†.According to Freud, he divided our minds into three parts; Id, Ego and Superego. They describe mental and physical activities and interactions in life theoretically. According to this theory, â€Å"Id† is the unorganized part of our minds. Id acts on the basis of avoiding pain or unpleasure evoked by instinctual tensions. While â€Å"Id† cannot take a â€Å"no† to block its yearning, â€Å"Ego† is an organized part of mind that drives Id in practical and realistic ways that benefit life in long term.Work in opposition to the Id, â€Å"Superego† controls all of our actions and notions toward socially appropriate manners and acceptable ways. He also adds that actions are controlled by the Id, Ego and Superego, specific actions are carried out to provide gratification to the Id. Relating both the proof and the Freud’s theory, it can be interpreted that Arsat’s Id has driven his behaviors. It triggers selfish in his self, and his betrayal to his brother as the effect of it.